{"id":327400,"date":"2020-04-09T14:14:07","date_gmt":"2020-04-09T07:14:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ivivu.com\/blog\/?p=327400"},"modified":"2020-04-09T14:14:07","modified_gmt":"2020-04-09T07:14:07","slug":"bo-toc-san-sang-giup-do-nguoi-la","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ivivu.com\/blog\/2020\/04\/bo-toc-san-sang-giup-do-nguoi-la\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Chukchi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n, d\u00f9 sinh s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh nguy\u00ean Siberia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Chukchi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1<\/h2>\n

Chukchi hay Chukchee l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Chukotka, khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Siberia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nga. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi -50 \u0111\u1ed9 C, do gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o t\u1eeb B\u1eafc B\u0103ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Bering. Hi\u1ec7n nay d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh nguy\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Luoraveti, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c \u1edf Siberia, Chukchi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kinh t\u1ebf do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi n\u00f3i chung ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Paleosiberia. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1931. \u1ea2nh: Ivan Chesnokov.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Chukchi<\/strong> chia th\u00e0nh 2 nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh theo ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u1ed1ng d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba sinh s\u1ed1ng theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c du m\u1ee5c, ch\u0103n tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong l\u1ec1u. H\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ed7 \u1edf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf, l\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u00e0n gia s\u00fac. Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ven bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u, c\u00e1 voi, h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1eed bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi ch\u0103n tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c l\u00e0 yaranga, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u00f3p n\u00f3n ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f2n. B\u00ean trong bu\u1ed3ng ng\u1ee7 l\u00e0 gi\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m t\u1eeb l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u00e0nh cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u00e0 g\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 chung c\u01b0 c\u0169. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe ch\u00f3 k\u00e9o, xe tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n da \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Song song v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e1y, xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt nai lu\u1ed9c, s\u00fap ti\u1ebft, n\u00e3o v\u00e0 t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n th\u1ecbt h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u lu\u1ed9c, th\u1ecbt c\u00e1 voi, rong bi\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u1ec5 c\u00e2y. V\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam rau, th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc, do thi\u1ebfu c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh n\u00ean r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, c\u00fam. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 45 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau. L\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1, \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n th\u1ee9c \u0103n. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i, g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. S\u1ef1 keo ki\u1ec7t, \u00edch k\u1ef7 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nam gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn, c\u00e2u c\u00e1, ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7i. C\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u1ec1u yaranga, n\u1ea5u \u0103n, may v\u00e1, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o. Tr\u1ebb em Chukchi ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Nga.<\/p>\n

\"Ph\u1ee5

Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u1ea2nh: Jimmy Nelson.<\/p><\/div>\n

Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Chukchi<\/em> l\u00e0 kerker, \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng may d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb da tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c, l\u00f4ng c\u00e1o, ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00e1y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01b0\u1eddm, th\u00eau v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed l\u00f4ng th\u00fa. C\u1ea3 2 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u mang gi\u00e0y cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00f3t da.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00e2n gian \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 phong c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn, ch\u0103n tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nam gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00ec may v\u00e1, th\u00eau th\u00f9a.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Chukchi <\/em><\/strong>tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, s\u00f4ng, r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n ri\u00eang. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n x\u1ea5u xa g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ngo\u00e0i ra l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, m\u00f9a thu, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chukchi v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, nh\u00e0 \u1edf. L\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khai th\u00e1c, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m do c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2015, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed9c duy tr\u00ec l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

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Gia \u0111\u00ecnh Robinson th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o hoang \u1edf Nga<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

8 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3nh l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea Nga \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 tranh v\u1ebd b\u00ean d\u00f2ng Volga \u2013 Baltic<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

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